乙腈特性

Acetonitrile characteristics

乙腈，常溫常壓下為無色透明液體，極易揮發，有優良的溶劑性能，能溶解多種有機、無機和氣體物質，與水和醇無限互溶，有類似于醚的特殊氣味。

Acetonitrile is a colorless and transparent liquid under normal temperature and pressure. It is highly volatile and has excellent solvent properties. It can dissolve a variety of organic, inorganic and gaseous substances. It is infinitely miscible with water and alcohol and has a special smell similar to ether.

乙腈雖然包“溶”性強，但是也是有脾氣的，很危險。乙腈為有毒品，具有燃燒、爆炸性質，遇明火、高熱能引起燃燒爆炸，因其蒸氣比空氣重，能在較低處擴散到相當遠的地方，遇火源引著回燃。同時，乙腈可經呼吸道和皮膚黏膜被吸收進人體，其致死量為5mL，所以使用人員需做好防護。

Although acetonitrile has strong "soluble" properties, it is also temperamental and very dangerous. Acetonitrile is a poisonous substance with flammable and explosive properties. It can cause combustion and explosion when exposed to open flames or high heat. Because its vapor is heavier than air, it can spread to a considerable distance at a lower level and cause backfire when encountering a fire source. At the same time, acetonitrile can be absorbed into the human body through the respiratory tract and skin and mucous membranes , with a lethal dose of 5 mL, so users need to take precautions.

乙腈是一種極性的不可電離非質子酸，由于存在由于存在C≡N，它可以帶來π-π相互作用，又因為氮原子具有高電負性，它可以作為氫鍵的受體與另一分子形成氫鍵。

Acetonitrile is a polar non-ionizable aprotic acid. Due to the presence of C≡N, it can bring about π-π interaction, and because the nitrogen atom has high electronegativity, it can serve as a hydrogen bond acceptor with Another molecule forms a hydrogen bond.

甲醇特性

Methanol characteristics

甲醇，是一種無色透明、易燃、有毒的高揮發液體。結構為最簡單的飽和一元醇，純品略帶乙醇氣味，粗品刺鼻難聞，能無限地溶于水或酒精中。甲醇最早從干餾木材的蒸出液中分離得到，故又稱“木醇”或“木酒精”。

Methanol is a colorless, transparent, flammable, toxic and highly volatile liquid. The structure is the simplest saturated monohydric alcohol. The pure product has a slight ethanol smell, while the crude product is pungent and unpleasant. It can be infinitely soluble in water or alcohol. Methanol was first separated from the distillate of dry distillation wood, so it is also called "wood alcohol" or "wood alcohol".

甲醇有毒，中毒的潛伏期一般介于12-24小時。致死劑量為30ml，5～10ml為嚴重中毒，10ml以上可引起失明，可經人體皮膚、呼吸道、胃腸道吸收中毒，所以操作使用時需注意。

Methanol is toxic, and the incubation period for poisoning is generally between 12 and 24 hours. The lethal dose is 30ml, 5 to 10ml is severe poisoning, and more than 10ml can cause blindness. It can be absorbed through human skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract, so please pay attention when handling it.

甲醇是一種極性的可電離質子酸，它可以和另一個分子相互作用形成氫鍵。

Methanol is a polar, ionizable protic acid that can interact with another molecule to form hydrogen bonds.

Q:為什么甲醇可以形成氫鍵呢？ Why can methanol form hydrogen bonds?

A:因為甲醇上有-OH的存在，氧是高電負性原子，它可以部分極化分子。它在氧上產生微負電荷，在氫原子上產生微正電荷。因此，這個微正電荷的氫原子可以與微負電荷的原子形成氫鍵。

Because of the presence of -OH on methanol, oxygen is a highly electronegative atom, which can partially polarize the molecule. It creates a slightly negative charge on oxygen and a slightly positive charge on hydrogen atoms. Therefore, this slightly positively charged hydrogen atom can form a hydrogen bond with a slightly negatively charged atom.

Q:什么是極性可電離質子溶劑？ What are polar ionizable protic solvents?

A:極性可電離質子溶劑指的是具有氫原子與氧（如羥基）、氮（如氨基）或氟（如氟化氫）結合的溶劑。乙腈中存在氫原子，但這些氫原子不與氧形成氫鍵，因此，不能說乙腈是可電離的極性溶劑。而甲醇，氫原子可以與氧形成氫鍵，因此，甲醇是可電離極性溶劑。

Polar ionizable protic solvents are solvents that have hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen (such as hydroxyl groups), nitrogen (such as amino groups), or fluorine (such as hydrogen fluoride). There are hydrogen atoms in acetonitrile, but these hydrogen atoms do not form hydrogen bonds with oxygen. Therefore, acetonitrile cannot be said to be an ionizable polar solvent. In methanol, hydrogen atoms can form hydrogen bonds with oxygen, so methanol is an ionizable polar solvent.